| | Madison, WI | Buffalo Grove, IL | United States |
| Population | 265,447 | 43,062 | 329,725,481 |
| Female Population | 50.0% | 52.4% | 50.5% |
| Male Population | 50.0% | 47.6% | 49.5% |
| Median Age | 31.5 | 41.2 | 38.4 |
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| Population - 2010 | 233,977 | 41,543 | 309,327,143 |
| Population - 2000 | 208,054 | 42,909 | 285,036,114 |
| Population - 1990 | 191,262 | 36,427 | 251,960,433 |
| Pop. 2000 to Now | 26.5% | -6.4% | 15.6% |
| Pop. 1990 to Now | 37.6% | 10.3% | 30.8% |
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| Population Density | 3,368.1 | 4,540.0 | 93.4 |
| Land Area | 78.8 | 9.5 | 3,531,905.4 |
| Water Area | 22.0 | 0.0 | 264,836.8 |
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| Est. Total Population By Age | | | |
| | Madison, WI | Buffalo Grove, IL | United States |
| Age 0 to 4 | 5.1% | 6.0% | 5.9% |
| Age 5 to 9 | 4.4% | 5.8% | 6.1% |
| Age 10 to 14 | 4.6% | 7.1% | 6.6% |
| Age 15 to 17 | 2.4% | 5.4% | 3.9% |
| Age 18 to 20 | 8.3% | 2.9% | 4.0% |
| Age 21 to 24 | 12.1% | 4.0% | 5.2% |
| Age 25 to 34 | 19.2% | 10.0% | 13.8% |
| Age 35 to 44 | 12.5% | 14.9% | 12.9% |
| Age 45 to 54 | 9.6% | 15.5% | 12.6% |
| Age 55 to 59 | 5.0% | 7.3% | 6.7% |
| Age 60 to 64 | 4.7% | 7.1% | 6.3% |
| Age 65 to 74 | 7.4% | 9.3% | 9.6% |
| Age 75 to 84 | 3.3% | 2.9% | 4.5% |
| Age 85 and over | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.9% |
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| Race | | | |
| | Madison, WI | Buffalo Grove, IL | United States |
| White | 72.0% | 63.2% | 59.4% |
| Black | 6.7% | 3.2% | 12.2% |
| Asian | 8.9% | 24.0% | 5.6% |
| Native American | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.6% |
| Hawaiian, Pacific Islander | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2% |
| Other | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.4% |
| Two or More Races | 4.0% | 2.6% | 3.2% |
| Hispanic | 7.8% | 6.5% | 18.4% |
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| Marriage & Family | | | |
| | Madison, WI | Buffalo Grove, IL | United States |
| Married Population | 38.0% | 63.1% | 49.8% |
| Currently Married | 37.2% | 62.3% | 48.0% |
| Married but Separated | 0.7% | 0.7% | 1.8% |
| Single Population | 62.0% | 36.9% | 50.2% |
| Never Married | 50.3% | 25.1% | 33.8% |
| Divorced | 8.5% | 7.9% | 10.8% |
| Widowed | 3.3% | 3.9% | 5.6% |
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| Household Size | 2.16 | 2.69 | 2.60 |
| Households | 117,324 | 15,982 | 124,010,992 |
| Family Households | 52,482 | 11,906 | 80,755,759 |
| Married couple, w/children | 31.3% | 42.1% | 30.5% |
| Married couple, no children | 46.1% | 44.1% | 42.9% |
| Non Family Households | 64,842 | 4,076 | 43,255,233 |
| Single householder, w/children | 14.7% | 8.1% | 15.8% |
| Single householder, no children | 7.9% | 5.6% | 10.8% |